Toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens : experimental applied and clinical /

Toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens : experimental applied and clinical / edited by Alan H. Hall, Gary Isom, Gary Rockwood.

The basic and applied toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens has widespread commercial, occupational, environmental, clinical, forensic, military, and public health implications. This book provides a detailed and updated reference describing the properties, uses, general and human toxicology, clinical...

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Bibliographic Details
Online Access: Full Text (via Wiley)
Other Authors: Hall, Alan H., 1949- (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.
Subjects:
Cyanides > Toxicology.
Cyanogen compounds > Toxicology.
Table of Contents:
  • Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 5.7. Conclusion, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • References, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 6.1. Introduction, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.2. Environmentally relevant chemistry of cyanides, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.3. Occupational concerns, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.4. Ground/surface water, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.5. Exposure to cyanogens through diet, / Linda L. Pearce / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson
  • 6.6. Dietary health hazards, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.7. Cassava consumption, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.8. Fires and smoke, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.8.1. Fire smoke, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.8.2. Cigarette smoke, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 6.9. Conclusion, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • References, / Samantha L. Malone / Jim Peterson / Linda L. Pearce
  • 7.1. Introduction, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.1.1. Sources of cyanide exposure, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.1.2. Detoxification in the body, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2. Long-term adverse health effects, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.1. Introduction, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.2. Tropical ataxic neuropathy, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.3. Konzo, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue.
  • Note continued: 7.2.4. Pathogenesis and etiological role of cassava in TAN and konzo, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.5. Prevention of TAN and konzo, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.6. Treatment of TAN and konzo, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.7. Tobacco amblyopia, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.8. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.9. Iodine deficiency disorders, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.10. Diabetes, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.11. Endomyocardial fibrosis, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.2.12. Malnutrition, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 7.3. Conclusions, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • References, / Julie Cliff / Hipolito Nzwalo / Humberto Muquingue
  • 8.1. Introduction, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.2. Sources of acute cyanide poisoning in children, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.2.1. Inhalation of fire smoke, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.2.2. Ingestion of household or workplace substances containing cyanogenic compounds, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.2.3. Ingestion of cyanogenic foods, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.2.4. Other causes of cyanide poisoning in children, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.3. Manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.4. Cyanide antidotes, / Robert J. Geller
  • 8.5. Conclusion, / Robert J. Geller
  • References, / Robert J. Geller
  • 9.1. Introduction, / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester
  • 9.2. History, / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester
  • 9.3. Mechanism of action, / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester
  • 9.4. Metabolism, / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester
  • 9.5. Evidence for CN- toxicity associated with SNP, / Alissa Lockwood / Prasad Abraham / Katleen Chester / Jennifer Sutherland / Marina Rabinovich / John Patka
  • 9.6. Incidence of CN- toxicity, / Katleen Chester / Jennifer Sutherland / Marina Rabinovich / John Patka / Alissa Lockwood / Prasad Abraham
  • 9.7. Challenges associated with CN-monitoring, / Alissa Lockwood / Prasad Abraham / John Patka / Katleen Chester / Jennifer Sutherland / Marina Rabinovich
  • 9.8. Safe use of SNP
  • clinical monitoring, / Alissa Lockwood / Prasad Abraham / John Patka / Katleen Chester / Jennifer Sutherland / Marina Rabinovich
  • 9.9. Prevention and treatment of CN-toxicity, / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood
  • 9.9.1. Sodium thiosulfate/nitrite therapy, / Alissa Lockwood / Prasad Abraham / Katleen Chester / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland
  • 9.9.2. Hydroxocobalamin, / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester
  • 9.9.3. Cobinamide, / Alissa Lockwood / Prasad Abraham / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester / Marina Rabinovich / John Patka
  • 9.10. Conclusions, / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Katleen Chester / Jennifer Sutherland / Marina Rabinovich
  • 9.11. Disclosure, / Marina Rabinovich / Jennifer Sutherland / Katleen Chester / Alissa Lockwood / John Patka / Prasad Abraham
  • References, / Katleen Chester / Prasad Abraham / Alissa Lockwood / Jennifer Sutherland / Marina Rabinovich / John Patka
  • 10.1. Introduction, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 10.2. Cyanide in smoke inhalation, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 10.3. Plasma lactate levels as a screening assay, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 10.4. Exhaled breath cyanide meters, / Alan H. Hall / Stephen W. Borron
  • 10.5. Cobinamide colorimetric quantitative/qualitative blood cyanide measurements, / Alan H. Hall / Stephen W. Borron
  • 10.6. Additional information, / Alan H. Hall / Stephen W. Borron
  • References, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 11.1. Introduction, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.2. Firefighters, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.3. Hazmat and counter-terrorism, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4. Other occupations, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.1. Acrylonitrile production, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.2. Aviation fires, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.3. Chemical synthesis of Prussian blue and related technologies, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.4. Galvanized metal parts, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.5. Cassava processing, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.6. Electroplating, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.7. Health-care workers, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.8. Gold processing, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.4.9. Laboratory technicians, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 11.5. Illicit operations using cyanide, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • References, / Tee L. Guidotti
  • 12.1. Overview, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.2. Toxicology, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.2.1. Absorption, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.2.2. Metabolism, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.2.3. Relative toxicity of nitriles, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3. Case reports of human toxicity of specific nitriles, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.1. Acetonitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.2. Adiponitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.3. Allylnitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.4. Butyronitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.5. Isobutyronitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.6. Glycolonitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.7. Lactonitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.8. Malononitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.9. Propionitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.10. Succinonitrile, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.3.11. Acetone cyanohydrin, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.4. Antidotal treatment, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.4.1. Animal studies, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.4.2. Human case reports, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 12.5. Summary, / Stephen W. Borron
  • Acknowledgments, / Stephen W. Borron
  • References, / Stephen W. Borron
  • 13.1. Introduction [--] clinical vignettes, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.2. Physical and chemical properties, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.3. History [--] preparation [--] manufacture, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.4. Occurrence, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.5. Compounds and uses, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.6. Hazardous exposures, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.7. Toxicokinetics, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.7.1. Absorption, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.7.2. Metabolism, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.8. Mode of action, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.9. Clinical effects, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.9.1. Acute, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.9.2. Chronic, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.9.3. Cancer, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.9.4. Reproduction and development, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.10. Diagnosis [--] toxicity, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.11. Treatment [--] antidote, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.12. Biological monitoring, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • 13.13. Exposure limits, / Dana B. Mirkin
  • References, / Dana B.
  • Mirkin
  • 14.1. Cyanides as chemical warfare agents, / René Pita
  • 14.1.1. World War I, / René Pita
  • 14.1.2. interwar period, / René Pita
  • 14.1.3. World War II, / René Pita
  • 14.1.4. Cold War, / René Pita
  • 14.2. Cyanide and chemical terrorism, / René Pita
  • 14.2.1. Extortion activities, / René Pita
  • 14.2.2. State terrorism, / René Pita
  • 14.2.3. Nationalist and separatist terrorist groups, / René Pita
  • 14.2.4. Left-wing terrorist groups, / René Pita
  • 14.2.5. Right-wing terrorist groups and "lone wolves", / René Pita
  • 14.2.6. Apocalyptic cults, / René Pita
  • 14.2.7. Jihadi terrorism: al-Qaeda, / René Pita
  • 14.3. Conclusions, / René Pita
  • References, / René Pita
  • 15.1. Introduction, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.2. Cyanide exposure and manifestations of toxicity, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.3. Cyanide-induced histotoxic hypoxia and metabolic dysfunction, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.3.1. Cyanide distribution to brain, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.3.2. Inhibition of brain cytochrome oxidase and aerobic metabolism, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.3.3. Actions independent of histotoxic hypoxia, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.4. Neurochemical actions of cyanide in the nervous system, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.4.1. Mobilization of cytosolic calcium and neuronal injury, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.4.2. NMDA receptor activation, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.4.3. Role of oxidative stress in cyanide-induced neurotoxicity, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.4.4. Interaction of cyanide with central neurotransmitters, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.5. Cyanide-induced brain injury and neurodegeneration, / Gary E. Isom / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 15.5.1. Mechanism of cyanide-induced brain injury, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.5.2. Cyanide-induced cell death and selective vulnerability of the brain, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.6. Endogenous cyanide generation in CNS, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.7. Cyanide-induced neurological disorders, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom.
  • Note continued: 15.7.1. Delayed neurologic sequelae of acute intoxication: Parkinson-like syndrome, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.7.2. Neurologic disorders associated with chronic cyanide exposure, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 15.8. Conclusion, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • References, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 16.1. Introduction, / J.-L. Fortin / G. Capellier / P. Luporsi / T. Desmettre
  • 16.2. Physiopathology, / J.-L. Fortin / G. Capellier / P. Luporsi / T. Desmettre
  • 16.3. Clinical aspects, / J.-L. Fortin / G. Capellier / P. Luporsi / T. Desmettre
  • 16.4. Treatment, / J.-L. Fortin / G. Capellier / P. Luporsi / T. Desmettre
  • 16.5. Conclusion, / J.-L. Fortin / G. Capellier / P. Luporsi / T. Desmettre
  • References, / J.-L. Fortin / T. Desmettre / P. Luporsi / G. Capellier
  • 17.1. Background, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.2. Mechanisms of the respiratory effects of cyanide, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.2.1. General, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.2.2. carotid body, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.2.3. nucleus tractus solitarius, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.2.4. Brainstem respiratory control centers, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.2.5. respiratory control in cyanide poisoning
  • the paradigm of hypoxia, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.3. Clinical manifestations and animal studies, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.3.1. Acute exposure, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.3.2. Subchronic/repeated exposure, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4. Management of cyanide poisoning and its respiratory effects, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4.1. General, / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk / Y. Bentur
  • 17.4.2. Diagnosis of cyanide poisoning, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4.3. Supportive treatment, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4.4. Antidotes, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4.5. Respiratory beneficial effects of cyanide antidotes, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4.6. Respiratory and related adverse effects of cyanide antidotes, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.4.7. Hyperbaric oxygen, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 17.5. Conclusion, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • References, / Y. Bentur / A. Eisenkraft A. Falk
  • 18.1. Introduction, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.2. Biological matrices, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.3. Sample storage, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.4. Sample preparation, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.5. Spectroscopy, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.6. Gas chromatography, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.7. High-performance liquid chromatography, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.8. Capillary electrophoresis, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.9. Electrochemical methods, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.10. Sensors, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.11. Cyanide metabolites, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 18.12. Insights on cyanide analysis, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • References, / Brendan L. Mitchell / Brian A. Logue
  • 19.1. Introduction, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.2. Cyanide pathology and antemortem presentation, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.3. Exposures, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.3.1. Occupational, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.3.2. Homicide/suicide, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.3.3. Combustion, / Daniel Lugassy / Lewis Nelson
  • 19.4. Autopsy features, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.5. Biochemical analysis, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 19.6. Risk to autopsy staff, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • References, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • Further reading, / Lewis Nelson / Daniel Lugassy
  • 20.1. Introduction, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.2. Forensic practice for the investigation of cyanide poisoning, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.2.1. Crime scene investigation, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.2.2. Medical examination, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.2.3. Toxicological analysis, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3. Discussion, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.1. Forensic factors associated with cyanide poisoning cases, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.2. Cyanide salt and hydrogen cyanide gas, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.3. bitter almond odor and livor mortis, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.4. Gastric burns and cherry red blood, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.5. Elevated cyanide concentration from toxicological samples, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.6. Alternative biomarkers for cyanide poisoning, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.3.7. Requirement to confirm a cyanide poisoning case, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 20.4. Conclusion, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • References, / Ashraf Mozayani / Jorn Chi-Chung Yu
  • 21.1. Introduction, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.2. Methemoglobin inducers, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.2.1. Amyl nitrite/sodium nitrite, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.2.2. 4-DMAP (4-Dimethylaminophenol), / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.3. Sulfur donors, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.3.1. Sodium thiosulfate, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.4. Direct cyanide chelating agents, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.4.1. Hydroxocobalamin, / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.4.2. Dicobalt EDTA (Kelocyanor®), / Alan H. Hall
  • 21.5. Conclusion, / Alan H. Hall
  • References, / Alan H. Hall
  • 22.1. Introduction, / Alan H. Hall
  • 22.2. Mechanism of action, / Alan H. Hall
  • 22.3. Experimental data, / Alan H. Hall
  • 22.4. Published clinical data, / Alan H. Hall
  • 22.5. Adverse/side effects, / Alan H. Hall
  • 22.6. Conclusions, / Alan H. Hall
  • References, / Alan H. Hall
  • 23.1. Introduction, / Alan H. Hall
  • 23.2. Mechanism of action, / Alan H. Hall
  • 23.3. Experimental data, / Alan H. Hall
  • 23.4. Published clinical data, / Alan H. Hall
  • 23.5. Adverse/side effects, / Alan H. Hall
  • 23.6. Conclusions, / Alan H. Hall
  • References, / Alan H. Hall
  • 24.1. History and chemistry, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.2. Theoretical bases for use/mechanism of action, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.2.1. Amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.2.2. Sodium thiosulfate, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.3. Pharmacokinetics, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.4. How supplied, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.5. Indication and dosing of intravenous antidotes, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.5.1. Cyanide poisoning, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.6. Adverse effects, / Richard J. Geller
  • 24.7. Conclusions, / Richard J. Geller
  • References, / Richard J. Geller
  • 25.1. Background and historical perspective, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.2. Pharmacology, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.2.1. Structure, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.2.2. Mechanisms of action, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.2.3. Pharmacokinetics, / Alan H. Hall / Stephen W. Borron
  • 25.3. Experimental animal studies, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.4. Human experience, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.5. Dosage and route of administration, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.5.1. Adult, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.5.2. Children, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.5.3. Elderly, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.5.4. Pregnancy, / Stephen W.
  • Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.6. Adverse effects, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.7. Laboratory interferences, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.8. Comparison with other antidotes, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 25.9. Conclusion, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • References, / Stephen W. Borron / Alan H. Hall
  • 26.1. Introduction, / Gary A. Rockwood / Gerry R. Boss / Steven E. Patterson / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Matthew Brenner
  • 26.2. Cobinamide and sulfanegen, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.2.1. Cobinamide, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.2.2. Sulfanegen, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.3. Other cyanide antidotes in development, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.4. New research methods to diagnose and monitor cyanide poisoning and therapy, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.4.1. Laboratory diagnosis of cyanide poisoning, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.4.2. In vivo methods to assess cyanide poisoning, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 26.5. Conclusions, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • References, / Matthew Brenner / Sari Mahon-Brenner / Gerry R. Boss / Gary A. Rockwood / Steven E. Patterson
  • 27.1. Introduction, / R. Bhattacharya.
  • Note continued: 27.2. Cyanide toxicity and its treatment, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.3. A-KG as a cyanide antidote, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.4. need for an oral antidote, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.5. A-KG as an oral antidote, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.5.1. Protection Studies, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.5.2. Pharmacokinetics, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.5.3. Stability analysis, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.5.4. Toxicity studies, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.6. Some key functions of A-KG, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.7. Efficacy of A-KG against other toxins, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.8. Role of A-KG as a nutritional supplement, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 27.9. Conclusion, / R. Bhattacharya
  • Acknowledgments, / R. Bhattacharya
  • References, / R. Bhattacharya
  • 28.1. Introduction, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.2. Lack of cyanide antidote efficacy, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • 28.3. Uses of sodium azide, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.4. Review of reported sodium azide human poisoning cases, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.5. Human experimental exposures to sodium azide and hydrazoic acid, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • 28.6. Signs and symptoms, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.7. Fatal cases, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • 28.8. Historical perspective, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.9. Mechanism(s) of action, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • 28.10. Autopsy findings, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.11. Other outcomes, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • 28.12. Occupational health issues, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.13. Occupational/environmental exposure limits/recommendations, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • 28.14. Laboratory evaluation, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • 28.15. Conclusion, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • Acknowledgments, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz
  • Conflict of interest, / Wendy Klein-Schwartz / Thomas L. Kurt
  • References, / Thomas L. Kurt / Wendy Klein-Schwartz.
  • Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Introduction, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.2. Pharmacokinetic properties of cyanide, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.2.1. Absorption, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.2.2. Distribution, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.2.3. Metabolism, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.2.4. Elimination, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.2.5. Other Determinants of Toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.3. Pharmacodynamic properties of cyanide, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4. Acute cyanide toxicity
  • routes of administration, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.1. Inhalation toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.2. Oral cyanide toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.3. Dermal toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.4. Subcutaneous toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.5. Intravenous toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.6. Intraperitoneal toxicity, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.4.7. Antidotes for acute cyanide poisoning, / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker / Andrea R. Allen
  • 1.5. Neurological and behavioral effects following acute cyanide exposure, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.5.1. Neurodegenerative effects and implications, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.5.2. Behavioral abnormality assessments in animal models, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 1.6. Summary, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • References, / Andrea R. Allen / Gary A. Rockwood / Lamont Booker
  • 2.1. Introduction, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.2. Sources of chronic cyanide exposure, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.3. Chronic cyanide exposure in human disease, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.3.1. Neurological syndrome related to ingestion of cassava, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.3.2. Thyroid dysfunction and chronic cyanide exposure, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.3.3. Chronic cyanide intoxication from laetrile, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.3.4. Toxic amblyopia, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.3.5. Cyanide toxicity in pregnancy, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.4. Experimental models of chronic cyanide exposure, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.4.1. Chronic cyanide exposure in pregnancy and development, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.4.2. Damage to the central nervous system by chronic cyanide exposure, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.4.3. Other pathologies in animal models of chronic cyanide exposure, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 2.5. Conclusion, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • References, / Jason D. Downey / Gary A. Rockwood / Margaret R. DeFreytas / Kelly A. Basi
  • 3.1. Introduction, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.2. Natural sources of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.2.1. Natural abiotic synthesis of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.2.2. Biosynthesis of cyanide (Plant, fungi, bacteria, and animal synthesis of cyanogenic glycosides and lipids, and cyanide), / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.3. Isolation and characterization of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.3.1. Early human encounters with cyanide from plant sources, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.3.2. Scientific discovery and structure determination of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.3.3. Physicochemical properties of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.4. Industrial production of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.4.1. Hydrocyanic acid synthesis, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.4.2. Cyanide salt synthesis, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.5. Applications and uses of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.5.1. Applications and uses of cyanide as a ligand of transition metals, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.5.2. Applications and uses of cyanide in the synthesis of organic molecules, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 3.6. Environmental transport of cyanide, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • Acknowledgments, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • References, / Ilona Petrikovics / David E. Thompson
  • 4.1. Introduction, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2. Metabolism and toxicokinetics, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.1. Toxicokinetics of cyanide, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.2. Toxicodynamics of cyanide, / Gary E. Isom / Joseph L. Borowitz / Alan H. Hall
  • 4.2.3. Enzyme-mediated cyanide biotransformation, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.4. Sulfurtransferase substrate pool, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.5. Cyanide metabolism by rhodanese, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.6. Biochemical characterization of rhodanese, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall
  • 4.2.7. Exogenously administered rhodanese as a cyanide antidote, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.8. Cyanide metabolism by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.9. MST substrates as cyanide antidotes, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.10. Minor enzymatic pathways of cyanide metabolism, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.11. Thiosulfate reductase, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.12. Cystathionase γ-lyase, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.2.13. Albumin, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.3. Non-enzymatic detoxification of cyanide, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.4. Diseases associated with altered cyanide metabolism, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 4.5. Metabolism and endogenous generation of cyanide, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • References, / Gary E. Isom / Alan H. Hall / Joseph L. Borowitz
  • 5.1. Introduction, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 5.2. Cytochrome oxidase inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 5.3. Oxidative stress and inhibition of cellular oxidative defense, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 5.4. Cyanide-induced changes in cellular Ca2+ regulation, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 5.5. Cyanide-induced cell death and post-intoxication lesions, / Joseph L. Borowitz / Gary E. Isom
  • 5.6. Alteration of intermediary metabolism and lactic acidosis, / Joseph L.

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