Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27}}) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His pioneering book (''Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''), first published in 1687, consolidated many previous results and established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus, though he developed calculus years before Leibniz.In the , Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book ''Opticks'', published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.
Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. He refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, unlike most members of the Cambridge faculty of the day. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. Politically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689–1690 and 1701–1702. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and spent the last three decades of his life in London, serving as Warden (1696–1699) and Master (1699–1727) of the Royal Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society (1703–1727). Provided by Wikipedia
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The Principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Sir Isaac Newton's Two treatises Of the quadrature of curves, and Analysis by equations of an infinite number of terms, explained : containing the treatises themselves, translated... by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
Published 1745Other Authors: “…Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727…”
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Newton's philosophy of nature : selections from his writings / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Correspondence. by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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The mathematical principles of natural philosophy / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Newton's Principia : the mathematical principles of natural philosophy / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light : also two treatises of the species and magnitude of curvilinear figures. by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
Published 1704Other Authors: “…Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727…”
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The optical papers of Isaac Newton / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Isaaci Newtoni Opuscula mathematica, philosophica et philologica by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections, and colours of light by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections, and colours of light by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Analysis per quantitatum series, fluxiones, ac differentias cum enumeratione linearum tertii ordinis. by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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The method of fluxions and infinite series with its application to the geometry of curve-lines / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light. Based on the 4th ed., London, 1730 / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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Isaac Newton's papers & letters on natural philosophy and related documents / by Newton, Isaac, 1642-1727
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