Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu ( ; ; – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989. He was the second and last communist leader of Romania. He was also the country's head of state from 1967 to 1989, and widely classified as a dictator, serving as President of the State Council and from 1974 concurrently as President of the Republic, until his overthrow and execution in the Romanian Revolution in December 1989, part of a series of anti-communist uprisings in Eastern Europe that year.Born in 1918 in Scornicești, Ceaușescu was a member of the Romanian Communist youth movement. He was arrested in 1939 and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during the war in prisons and internment camps: Jilava (1940), Caransebeș (1942), Văcărești (1943), and Târgu Jiu (1943). Ceaușescu rose up through the ranks of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's Socialist government and, upon Gheorghiu-Dej's death in 1965, he succeeded to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party as general secretary.
Upon achieving power, Ceaușescu eased press censorship and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in his speech of 21 August 1968, which resulted in a surge in popularity. However, this period of stability was brief, as his government soon became totalitarian and came to be considered the most repressive in the Eastern Bloc. His secret police, the Securitate, was responsible for mass surveillance as well as severe repression and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. Ceaușescu's attempts to implement policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population led to a growing number of illegal abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. Economic mismanagement due to failed oil ventures during the 1970s led to very significant foreign debts for Romania. In 1982, Ceaușescu directed the government to export much of the country's agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts. His cult of personality experienced unprecedented elevation, followed by the deterioration of foreign relations, even with the Soviet Union.
As anti-government protesters demonstrated in Timișoara in December 1989, Ceaușescu perceived the demonstrations as a political threat and ordered military forces to open fire on 17 December, causing many deaths and injuries. The revelation that Ceaușescu was responsible resulted in a massive spread of rioting and civil unrest across the country. The demonstrations, which reached Bucharest, became known as the Romanian Revolution—the only violent overthrow of a communist government in the course of the Revolutions of 1989. Ceaușescu and his wife Elena fled the capital in a helicopter enrouting to Vatican via Vienna, Austria, but they were captured in Romanian territory by the military after the armed forces defected. After being tried and convicted of economic sabotage and genocide, both were sentenced to death, and they were immediately executed by firing squad on 25 December. Provided by Wikipedia
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1
Romania on the way of completing socialist construction: reports, speeches, articles. by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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2
Rolul conducător al partidului în etapa desăvîrsirii constructiei socialismului / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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Rumänien auf dem Weg der Vollendung des sozialistischen Aufbaus : Berichte, Reden, Artikel. by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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Sviluppo economico e democrazia socialista in Romania / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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Scritti scelti. by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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Momenti di storia del popolo romeno del movimento democratico operaio e rivoluzionario della Romania / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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Romania sulla via verso il socialismo e nella lotta contro l'imperialismo / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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8
Expunere cu privire la politica externă a partidului si guvernului : prezentată la sesiunea Marii Adunări Nationale, 24 iulie 1967 / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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9
Exposition on the programme of the Romanian Communist Party for the improvement of ideological activity, for raising the general level of knowledge and the socialist education of t... by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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Report concerning the measures for perfecting the management and planning of the national economy and for improving the administrative-territorial organization of Romania : deliver... by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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11
Scritti scelti / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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12
The Romanian Communist Party, continuer of the Romanian people's revolutionary and democratic struggle, of the traditions of the working-class and socialist movement in Romania / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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13
Nicolae Ceausescu, builder of modern Romania and international statesman / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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14
Exposé concernant la politique extérieure du parti communiste et du gouvernement roumain, presenté à la session de la Grande Assemblée Nationale, 24 juillet 1967 / by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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15
Speech on the improvement of the organization and guidance of the activity of scientific research work : delivered at the session of the Grand National Assembly of December 20-22,... by Ceaușescu, Nicolae
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16
Report of the C.C. of the R.C.P. on the activity of the R.C.P. in the period between the 9th Congress and the 10th Congress, and on the future tasks of the party, August 6, 1969 /
Published 1969Other Authors: “…Ceaușescu, Nicolae…”
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17
Istoria patriei si a Partidului Comunist Român în opera presedintelui Nicolae Ceausescu /
Published 1979Other Authors: “…Ceaușescu, Nicolae…”
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18
On the improvement of the management and planning of agriculture.
Published 1965Other Authors: “…Ceaușescu, Nicolae…”
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